Produção de biscoitos recheados com formação de organogel na base gordurosa / Production of sandwich cookies with the formation of organogel in the fatty base

A fim de atender à demanda do público que atualmente busca por alimentos mais saudáveis, as indústrias têm procurado alternativas que possibilitem a aplicação de ingredientes que agreguem valor nutricional aos produtos. A redução de gorduras saturadas e trans em produtos alimentícios, bem como a inserção de cereais ou farinhas nutricionais, vem sendo aplicadas em produtos de panificação. Biscoitos recheados possuem como bases geralmente biscoitos à base de farinha de trigo. O objetivo foi desenvolver formulação de biscoitos recheados com substituição de gordura vegetal por organogel no recheio e de farinha de trigo por farinha de sorgo no biscoito, a fim de agregar valor nutricional ao produto. Foram desenvolvidos biscoitos recheados: 1) recheio controle e com substituição da gordura vegetal dos recheios por organogel elaborado com sistema emulsionado (colágeno + óleo vegetal + água), a fim de diminuir concentrações de gorduras saturadas e trans. 2) para a base elaborouse biscoitos controle (farinha de trigo) e com substituição parcial e total de farinha de trigo por farinha de sorgo em 50% (50FS) e 100% (100FS). Foram conduzidas nos recheios e das bases dos biscoitos análises físicas e físico-químicas (textura, atividade de água, cor, composição centesimal e reologia) para avaliação e para análise de estabilidade de 6 semanas. Os resultados apresentaram que o biscoito 50FS obteve melhor valor de textura (Controle: 16,09 ± 1,28 N; 50FS: 19,63 ± 5,68 N e 100FS: 10,09 ± 0,65 N) e menor teor de atividade de água (Semana 01: 0,327±0,01 e Semana 06: 0,389 ± 0,00) do que o biscoito controle, durante análise de estabilidade. O biscoito 100FS apresentou coloração mais avermelhada. Os biscoitos 50FS e 100FS apresentaram maior teor proteico do que o controle (Controle: 5,37 ± 0,23 %; 50FS: 5,64 ± 0,49 % e 100FS: 5,75 ± 0,49 %). O recheio com organogel apresentou maior dureza (N) durante análise de estabilidade do que o recheio controle (Semana 6 Organogel: 6,81±1,48; Controle: 4,29±0,38). Os parâmetros de adesividade, coesividade e gomosidade do recheio com organogel não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05). Os valores de atividade de água da formulação com organogel foram mais altos do que o recheio controle (Semana 6 Organogel: 0,730±0,00; Controle: 0,555±0,01). O valor de L* foi maior para o recheio controle, apresentando coloração mais amarelada do que a formulação com organogel. O recheio com organogel apresentou redução de 65 % do teor lipídico e aumento do teor proteico. Os recheios controle, com organogel e de mercado apresentaram comportamento tixotrópico durante a avaliação reológica, sendo que o produto de mercado teve comportamento próximo à formulação controle, com recuperação quase total da estrutura. Foram desenvolvidos cinco produtos, sendo três inovadores com valor nutricional agregado, atendendo às legislações vigentes, vida útil mínima de 6 semanas e ao apelo do mercado atual, podendo ser comercializados como biscoito recheado

In order to satisfy the demand of the public that is currently looking for healthier foods industries have been looking for alternatives that allow the application of ingredients that add nutritional value to the products. The reduction of saturated and trans fats in food products, as well as the insertion of cereals or nutritional flours, has been applied in bakery products. Filled cookies are usually based on wheat flour. The objective was to develop a formulation of filled cookies with replacement of vegetable fat for organogel in the filling and wheat flour for sorghum flour in the biscuit, in order to add nutritional value to the product. In this study, cookies filled with vegetable fat and wheat flour were used as a control where: 1) filling was replaced by organogel elaborated with an emulsified system (collagen + vegetable oil + water); and 2) base was prepared with partial and total replacer of wheat flour for sorghum flour in 50% (50FS) and 100% (100FS). Physical and physicochemical analyzes (texture, water activity, color, proximate composition and rheology) were carried out on the fillings and bases of the biscuits for evaluation and for the stability analysis of 6 weeks. The results showed that the 50FS cookies had a better texture value (Control: 16,09±1,28 N; 50FS: 19,63±5,68N and 10,09±0,65 N) and lower content of water activity (Week 1: 0,327±0,01 and Week 6: 0,389±0,00) than the control cookie during stability analysis. The 100FS had a more reddish color. The 50FS and 100FS cookies had a higher protein content than the control (Control: 5,37±0,23 %; 50FS 5,64±0,49 %). The fillings with organogel showed a higher hardness (N) than the control during stability analysis (Week 6 Organogel: 6,81±1,48; Control: 4,29±0,38). The parameters of adhesiveness, cohesiveness and guminess of the filling with organogel showed no significant differences (p> 0.05). The water activity values of the organogel formulation were higher than the control filling (Week 6 Organogel: 0,730±0,00; Control: 0,555±0,01). The value of L * was higher for the control filling, showing a more yellowish color than the formulation with organogel. The filling with organogel showed a 65% reduction in lipid content and an increase in protein content. The control, organogel and market fillings showed a thixotropic behavior in the rheological evaluation, and the market product had a behavior close to the control formulation, with almost total recovery of the structure. Five products were developed, three of which were innovative with added nutritional value, in compliance with current legislation, a minimum shelf life of 6 weeks, which can be sold as a stuffed cookies.

Ghrelin Receptors Enhance Fat Taste Responsiveness in Female Mice.

Ghrelin is a major appetite-stimulating neuropeptide found in circulation. While its role in increasing food intake is well known, its role in affecting taste perception, if any, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor's (GHS-R; a ghrelin receptor) activity in the peripheral taste system using feeding studies and conditioned taste aversion assays by comparing wild-type and GHS-R-knockout models. Using transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), we demonstrated GHS-R expression in the taste system in relation phospholipase C ß2 isotype (PLCß2; type II taste cell marker)- and glutamate decarboxylase type 67 (GAD67; type III taste cell marker)-expressing cells using immunohistochemistry. We observed high levels of co-localization between PLCß2 and GHS-R within the taste system, while GHS-R rarely co-localized in GAD67-expressing cells. Additionally, following 6 weeks of 60% high-fat diet, female Ghsr-/- mice exhibited reduced responsiveness to linoleic acid (LA) compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts, while no such differences were observed in male Ghsr-/- and WT mice. Overall, our results are consistent with the interpretation that ghrelin in the taste system is involved in the complex sensing and recognition of fat compounds. Ghrelin-GHS-R signaling may play a critical role in the recognition of fatty acids in female mice, and this differential regulation may contribute to their distinct ingestive behaviors.

Reproductive Profile of Etawah Crossbred Does Fed Flushing Diet Containing Different Kinds of Plant Oil and Animal Fat.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Reproduction system is affected by nutrient status of the animal. Flushing is one of reproduction program where the animal should give good quality diet. This study was aimed to evaluate etawah crossbred does reproduction performance giving flushing diet with different fat sources. The fat of plant oils are sunflower and flaxseed and from animal oils are tallow and Lemuru fish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty four of Etawah crossbred does (average body weight 33.83±3.70 kg) were used in this experiment by using completely randomized block design. There are four treatments with four animals of each treatment. The treatments were flushing diet containing 5% sunflower oil (R1), 5.2% flaxseed oil (R2), 5.3% tallow (R3) and 5% Lemuru fish oil (R4). Treatment was given three weeks before and two weeks after matting, following 2 weeks before partus. During pregnant, the does were given basal diet (ratio concentrate:napier grass was 70:30). Body condition score, nutrient status, blood metabolite and hormone and also performance reproduction were evaluated. RESULTS: The nutrient consumption was same in all treatment. Blood glucose were same in all treatments but the highest blood cholesterol was in R3 during estrus and in R4 during mid gestation. The highest plasma estradiol was in R1 during early gestation, while the highest plasma progesterone was in R2 during late gestation. Litter size and birth weight were same in all treatment, while the highest total embryo was in R2 treatment. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that flaxseed oil for flushing diet was significantly increased number of total embryo.

Postprandial hyperlipidemia as a risk factor in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Postprandial hyperlipidemia is a common feature of the atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Quantification of this with oral fat tolerance tests is not used routinely in clinical practice and abnormal postprandial lipids are usually inferred from non-fasting plasma triglyceride levels. Identifying excessive postprandial hyperlipidemia may help to refine cardiovascular risk assessment but there are no treatments currently available which selectively target postprandial lipids and no large cardiovascular outcome trials using this as the entry criterion.Areas covered: In this review of relevant published material, we summarize the findings from the most important publications in this area.Expert opinion: Postprandial hyperlipidemia appears to contribute to the cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Non-fasting triglyceride levels provide a surrogate marker of postprandial hyperlipidemia but more specific markers such as apoB48 levels may prove to be more reliable. Omega-3 fatty acids, fibrates and ezetimibe can reduce postprandial lipids but may not correct them completely. Several novel treatments have been developed to target hypertriglyceridemia and some of these may be particularly effective in improving postprandial levels. Further clinical trials are needed to establish the role of postprandial lipids in assessment of cardiovascular risk and to identify the most effective treatments.

Obesity, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and PPAR-γ gene expression in broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with fat and green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract.

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ secreting several adipokines, especially adiponectin, that play an important role in regulating insulin function in the body of mammals. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the association between abdominal fat deposit, insulin resistance, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and adiponectin gene (AG) expression in broiler chicks fed diets high in unsaturated fat supplemented with green tea extract (GTE). A total of 300 one-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of two levels of GTE (0 and 500 mg/kg diet) × three levels of fat inclusion [without fat (control group), soybean oil (SO), and tallow (Ta)]. Each treatment was replicated five times. At the end of the experiment (day 49), two chicks from each replicate weighing an average of pen weight were bled and then slaughtered for further analysis. Abdominal fat percentage, fasting concentration of blood glucose, triglyceride and insulin, glycogen reserves of breast and liver tissues, and PPAR-γ and AG expression were determined. The insulin resistance index of the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) was calculated using the fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. The highest abdominal fat percentage and the lowest carcass yield were obtained in chicks fed SO-supplemented diet (P < 0.05). Chicks fed diet supplemented with SO showed the highest PPAR-γ gene expression (P < 0.05). SO-rich diets suppressed AG expression in chickens' abdominal fat tissue, and the birds fed with SO-supplemented diet showed a significant decrease in AG expression compared with the control (P < 0.05). Chicks fed diet supplemented with SO showed lower QUICKI and breast glycogen reserve compared with the control group (P < 0.05). A significant increase in blood glucose and triglyceride concentrations was observed in birds fed SO-supplemented diets (P < 0.05). AG and PPAR-γ expression increased and decreased by GTE, respectively. QUICKI tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in GTE-supplemented chicks; however, the effect of GTE supplementation on carcass yield, abdominal fat percentage, and blood insulin and glucose concentration was not significant. The findings of this study showed that SO-rich diets via increased PPAR-γ gene expression and decreased AG expression in abdominal fat may lead to insulin resistance in female broiler chicks.

The Association of Food Intake and Physical Activity with Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Muscle Function in Postmenopausal Women.

Sarcopenia is defined as an age-related reduction in muscle mass and performance. Some of the most important risk factors include advanced age, malnutrition, and sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of food intake and physical activity with body composition, muscle strength, and muscle function in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women. This analysis gave a positive association between physical activity and handgrip strength, calorie intake and muscle function, protein intake and fat-free mass percentage, and total fat intake and fat mass percentage. In addition, there were negative associations found between carbohydrate intake and muscle function, as well as total fat intake and fat-free mass percentage. This chapter presents a protocol for the study setup along with measurements of physical activity, handgrip strength, nutrient intake, and fat-free mass percentage.

Enophthalmos: Exploration of Quantitative Treatment With Retro-Orbital Fat Globules Injection.

Craniomaxillofacial and plastic surgeons are often confronted with patients who present with enophthalmos caused mainly by trauma. In many patients, one-stage reconstruction repairs only the bony orbit, leaving intact the disfiguring enophthalmos. Thus, some filler is needed to restore the normal volume of the orbit. The authors describe a technique to correct such deformation safely and effectively. Data were collected from 30 enophthalmic patients (average age 36.67 ±â€Š11.66 years) who underwent retro-ocular injections of fat globules between August 2014 and July 2018. CT helped identify a safe injection site, and specific CT measurements quantified the volume of fat globules required. There was a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative values for lateral orbital protrusion (P < .01), superior orbital protrusion (P < .01), and orbital volume (P < .01). Most patients were satisfied with the outcome. There were no significant complications. Injecting fat globules into the retro-orbital area is an effective technique for correcting enophthalmos deformity.

Capsaicin-induced visceral deafferentation does not attenuate flavor conditioning by intragastric fat infusions in mice.

The postoral actions of sugar and fat can rapidly stimulate the intake of and preference for flavors associated with these nutrients via a process known as appetition. Prior findings revealed that postoral glucose appetition is not attenuated following capsaicin-induced visceral deafferentation. The present experiment determined if capsaicin treatment altered fat appetition in C57BL/6 mice. Following capsaicin (Cap) or control (Con) treatment, mice were fitted with chronic intragastric (IG) catheters. They were then given 1-h sessions with a flavored saccharin solution (CS-) paired with IG water infusion or a different flavor (CS+) paired with IG 6.4% fat infusion. IG fat stimulated CS+ intakes in both Cap and Con mice, and the groups displayed similar preferences for CS+ over CS- in two-choice tests. These results confirm prior reports of normal fat conditioning in rats exposed to capsaicin or vagal deafferentation surgery. In contrast, other recent findings indicate that total or selective vagotomy alters the preference of mice for dilute vs. concentrated fat sources.

Desarrollo de una galleta dulce reducida en grasa y azúcar,enriquecida con harina de amaranto / Development of a sweet biscuit reduced in fat and sugar, fortified withamaranth flour

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: Actualmente, el sobrepeso y la obesidad en el mundo son considerados un problema grave de salud pública. Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una galleta dulce con harina de amaranto, reducida parcialmente en azúcar y grasa con el uso de sucralosa y fibersol-2. MÉTODOS: A partir de una formulación de galleta dulce con amaranto (Fi), se generaron tres formulaciones con reducción del 40% azúcar - 30% grasa (F1), 50% azúcar - 50% grasa (F2) y 60% azúcar - 40% grasa (F3), con las que se determinó el contenido calórico, análisis fisicoquímico, sensorial y microbiológico. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Se disminuyó el contenido calórico en la galleta hasta un 12,28% con F3. Adicionalmente, todas las muestras presentaron parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos dentro de los límites establecidos por la normatividad para galletas sin relleno. En cuanto a la caracterización sensorial, solo se presentaron diferencias significativas en el aroma y el residual edulcorante; la primera diferencia podría estar relacionada con los componentes volátiles que la margarina proporciona durante el proceso; mientras que la segunda estaría vinculada con el uso de sucralosa en la formulación. No obstante, tales diferencias no afectaron la aceptación del producto. CONCLUSIÓN: Es posible desarrollar una galleta dulce con harina de amaranto reducida parcialmente en azúcares y grasas con el uso de sucralosa y 2-fibersol. Lo anterior da respuesta a la creciente necesidad de alimentos con bajo contenido calórico, así como el uso de materias primas con potencial nutricional como el amaranto

INTRODCUTION AND OBCTIVE: Nowadays, overweight and obesity are considered such as serious public health problems around the world. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a sweet biscuit with amaranth flour and, partially reduced in sugar and fat with the use of sucralose and fibersol-2. METHODS: beginning with a biscuit with amaranth recipe (Fi), were designed three formulations with reductions of 40% sugar - 30% fat (F1), 50% sugar - 50% fat (F2) and 60% sugar - 40% fat (F3), and then, caloric content, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory analysis were determined for all samples. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIO: The biscuit's caloric content was reduced until 12.28% with formulation F3. Moreover, all samples showed physicochemical and microbiological parameters within the regulatory levels established for biscuits without filling. In sensory characterization, only in aroma and the residual sweetener parameter determined significative differences; on one hand, differences in aroma can be explained by the volatile compounds than margarine can provide during baking process; on the other hand, differences in residual sweetener parameter can be attributed to the use of sucralose. However, those differences do not greatly affect product acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to develop a sweet biscuit with amaranth flour and, partially reduced in sugar and fat with the use of sucralose and 2-fibersol. The above provides a product to the growing demand of food with low caloric content and, the use of new raw materials such as amaranth

Microbial diversity in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of yak on a rapid fattening regime in an agro-pastoral transition zone.

The ruminant digestive system harbors a complex gut microbiome, which is poorly understood in the case of the four stomach compartments of yak. High-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR were used to analyse microbial communities in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of six domesticated yak. The diversity of prokaryotes was higher in reticulum and omasum than in rumen and abomasum. Bacteroidetes predominated in the four stomach compartments, with abundance gradually decreasing in the trend rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum. Microorganism composition was different among the four compartments, all of which contained high levels of bacteria, methanogens, protozoa and anaerobic fungi. Some prokaryotic genera were associated with volatile fatty acids and pH. This study provides the first insights into the microorganism composition of four stomach compartments in yak, and may provide a foundation for future studies in this area.

Plasma cytokine responses to resistance exercise with different nutrient availability on a concurrent exercise day in trained healthy males.

Carbohydrate availability is proposed as a potential regulator of cytokine responses. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a preresistance exercise carbohydrate meal versus fat meal on plasma cytokine responses to resistance exercise after an endurance exercise earlier that day. Thirteen young, healthy, recreationally active males performed two experimental days with endurance exercise in the morning and resistance exercise in the afternoon. Either a carbohydrate (110 g carbohydrate, 52 g protein, 9 g fat; ~750 kcal) or an isocaloric fat meal (20 gr carbohydrate, 52 g protein, 51 g fat) was provided 2 h before resistance exercise. Blood was taken at baseline and at regular time intervals to measure circulating plasma cytokine levels (e.g. IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, TNFα, ANGPTL4, decorin and MCP-1). Plasma glucose and insulin were higher in the postprandial period before the start of the resistance exercise on the carbohydrate condition, while free fatty acids were reduced. At 2 h postresistance exercise, IL-6 concentrations were higher in the fat condition compared to the carbohydrate condition (P < 0.05). In addition, in both conditions IL-6 levels were higher at all time points compared with baseline (P < 0.05). The pattern of increase in plasma IL-8 and IL-10 did not differ significantly between conditions (P > 0.05). There were no differences between conditions on TNFα levels and levels remain constant when compared with baseline (P > 0.05). ANGPTL4, IL-15, Decorin and MCP-1 showed no differences between the fat and carbohydrate condition (P > 0.05). The composition of the pre-exercise meal did in general not influence cytokine responses in the postresistance exercise period, except postresistance exercise circulating plasma IL-6 levels being higher in the fat condition compared with carbohydrate. Our findings support the view that pre-exercise carbohydrate availability does not have a major impact on acute responses of circulating plasma cytokines in humans.

Metabolomics Reveals that the Type of Protein in a High-Fat Meal Modulates Postprandial Mitochondrial Overload and Incomplete Substrate Oxidation in Healthy Overweight Men.

Background: A meal rich in saturated fatty acids induces a postprandial metabolic challenge. The type of dietary protein may modulate postprandial metabolism. Objective: We studied the effect of dietary protein type on postprandial changes in the metabolome after a high-fat meal. Methods: In a 3-period, crossover, postprandial study, 10 healthy overweight men with an elevated waist circumference (>94 cm) ingested high-fat meals made up of cream fat (70% of energy), sucrose (15% energy), and protein (15% energy) from either casein (CAS), whey protein (WHE), or α-lactalbumin-enriched whey protein (LAC). Urine collected immediately before and 2, 4, and 6 h after the meal was analyzed for metabolomics, a secondary outcome of the clinical study. We used mixed-effect models, partial least-square regression, and pathway enrichment analysis. Results: At 4 and 6 h after the meal, the postprandial metabolome was found to be fully discriminated according to protein type. We identified 17 metabolites that significantly explained the effect of protein type on postprandial metabolomic changes (protein-time interaction). Among this signature, acylcarnitines and other acylated metabolites related to fatty acid or amino acid oxidation were the main discriminant features. The difference in metabolic profiles was mainly explained by urinary acylcarnitines and some other acylated products (protein type, Ps < 0.0001), with a dramatically greater increase (100- to 1000-fold) after WHE, and to a lesser extent after LAC, as compared with CAS. Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed that the type of protein had modified fatty acid oxidation (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that, in healthy overweight men, the type of protein in a high-fat meal interplays with fatty acid oxidation with a differential accumulation of incomplete oxidation products. A high-fat meal containing WHE, but not CAS, resulted in this outpacing of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00931151.

Nonylphenol aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high sucrose-high fat diet-treated rats.

Exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) contributes to the pathogenesis of many metabolic disorders. Here, we have analyzed the effect of the EED-nonylphenol (NP) on the promotion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats fed high sucrose-high fat diet (HSHFD). Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: controls fed a normal diet (C-ND); HSHFD-fed controls (C-HSHFD); and rats fed a HSHFD combined with NP at doses of 0.02 µg/kg/day (NP-L-HSHFD), 0.2 µg/kg/day (NP-M-HSHFD), and 2 µg/kg/day (NP-H-HSHFD). Subchronic exposure to NP coupled with HSHFD increased daily water and food intake (p < 0.05), hepatic echogenicity and oblique liver diameter (p < 0.05), and plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p < 0.05). Combined exposure to NP and HSHFD induced macrovesicular steatosis with dilation and congestion of the central vein, liver inflammatory cell infiltration, and expression of genes regulating lipid metabolism, SREBP-1C, FAS, and Ucp2. These results demonstrate that NP aggravates NAFLD in HSHFD-treated rats by up-regulating lipogenic genes, and that HSHFD increases the toxic effects of NP. Thus subchronic NP exposure may lead to NAFLD, especially when combined with a high-sucrose/high-fat diet.

The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat.

Increasing apoA-I synthesis may improve HDL functionality and lower CVD risk. As theobromine and fat increase fasting apoA-I concentrations, and the intestine is involved in apoA-I production, the acute effects of both were studied on duodenal gene transcription to better understand underlying mechanisms. In this crossover study, 8 healthy men received once a low fat (LF) meal, a LF meal plus theobromine (850 mg), or a high fat (HF) meal. Five hours after meal intake duodenal biopsies were taken for microarray analysis. Theobromine and HF consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I expression. Theobromine did not change gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, whereas those related to glycogen/glucose breakdown were downregulated. HF consumption increased gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol uptake and transport, and to glucose storage, while it decreased those related to glucose uptake. Furthermore, genes related to inflammation were upregulated, but inflammation markers in plasma were not changed. In healthy men, acute theobromine and fat consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I mRNA, but inhibited expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Furthermore, HF intake activated in the duodenum expression of genes related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism and to inflammation.

Dietary Fatty Acids Alter Lipid Profiles and Induce Myocardial Dysfunction without Causing Metabolic Disorders in Mice.

Oversupply of bulk saturated fatty acids (SFA) induces metabolic disorders and myocardial dysfunction. We investigated whether, without causing metabolic disorders, the uptake of individual dietary SFA species alters lipid profiles and induces myocardial dysfunction. C57BL/6 mice were fed various customized long-chain SFA diets (40% caloric intake from SFA), including a beef tallow (HBD), cocoa butter (HCD), milk fat (HMD) and palm oil diet (HPD), for 6 months. An isocaloric fat diet, containing medium-chain triglycerides, served as a control (CHD). Long-term intake of dietary long-chain SFA differentially affected the fatty acid composition in cardiac phospholipids. All long-chain SFA diets increased the levels of arachidonic acid and total SFA in cardiac phospholipids. The preferential incorporation of individual SFA into the cardiac phospholipid fraction was dependent on the dietary SFA species. Cardiac ceramide content was elevated in all mice fed long-chain SFA diets, while cardiac hypertrophy was only presented in mice fed HMD or HPD. We have demonstrated that the intake of long-chain SFA species differentially alters cardiac lipid profiles and induces cardiac dysfunction, without causing remarkable metabolic disorders.

Protective Effects of Pyridoxamine Supplementation in the Early Stages of Diet-Induced Kidney Dysfunction.

Pyridoxamine, a structural analog of vitamin B6 that exerts antiglycative effects, has been proposed as supplementary approach in patients with initial diabetic nephropathy. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its protective role has been so far slightly examined. C57Bl/6J mice were fed with a standard diet (SD) or a diet enriched in fat and fructose (HD) for 12 weeks. After 3 weeks, two subgroups of SD and HD mice started pyridoxamine supplementation (150 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. HD fed mice showed increased body weight and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas pyridoxamine administration significantly improved insulin sensitivity, but not body weight, and reduced diet-induced increase in serum creatinine and urine albumin. Kidney morphology of HD fed mice showed strong vacuolar degeneration and loss of tubule brush border, associated with a drastic increase in both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and AGEs receptor (RAGE). These effects were significantly counteracted by pyridoxamine, with consequent reduction of the diet-induced overactivation of NF-kB and Rho/ROCK pathways. Overall, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the administration of the antiglycative compound pyridoxamine can reduce the early stages of diet-dependent kidney injury and dysfunction by interfering at many levels with the profibrotic signaling and inflammatory cascades.

Beef tallow and emulsifier in growing-finishing pig diets

ABSTRACT Two trials were aimed to evaluate beef tallow in diets with and without emulsifier on performance of pigs at growing-finishing phases. In the first trial, 15 barrows (22.03±0.62 kg) were distributed among three treatments: reference diet; test diet 1 (5% beef tallow) and test diet 2 (10% beef tallow). Beef tallow presented average value of 7130.97 kcal ME/kg. For the performance trail, 30 barrows (24.85±1.18 kg) were distributed among five treatments: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME /kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal/kg and 0.1% emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and 0.1% emulsifier. Feed conversion was worse in animals fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and with 2930 kcal ME/kg with beef tallow and emulsifier. For economic availability, animals fed diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg and those fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and emulsifier, did not differ from animals fed diet with soybean oil, which enables the reduction up to 150 kcal ME/kg be compensated by emulsifier addition.

BEEF TALLOW AND EMULSIFIER IN GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS.

Two trials were aimed to evaluate beef tallow in diets with and without emulsifier on performance of pigs at growing-finishing phases. In the first trial, 15 barrows (22.03±0.62 kg) were distributed among three treatments: reference diet; test diet 1 (5% beef tallow) and test diet 2 (10% beef tallow). Beef tallow presented average value of 7130.97 kcal ME/kg. For the performance trail, 30 barrows (24.85±1.18 kg) were distributed among five treatments: T1 - diet with soybean oil and 3230 kcal ME /kg; T2 - diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg; T3 - diet with beef tallow and 3080 kcal ME/kg; T4 - diet with beef tallow, 3080 kcal/kg and 0.1% emulsifier; T5 - diet with beef tallow, 2930 kcal ME/kg and 0.1% emulsifier. Feed conversion was worse in animals fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and with 2930 kcal ME/kg with beef tallow and emulsifier. For economic availability, animals fed diet with beef tallow and 3230 kcal ME/kg and those fed diet with 3080 kcal ME/kg containing beef tallow and emulsifier, did not differ from animals fed diet with soybean oil, which enables the reduction up to 150 kcal ME/kg be compensated by emulsifier addition.

Development of Polyethylene Glycol and Hard Fat-Based Mucoadhesive Tablets Containing Various Types of Polyvinyl Alcohols as Mucoadhesive Polymers for Buccal Application.

Topical drug application has the advantage of avoiding systemic side effects. We attempted to develop a long-acting matrix-type tablet containing indomethacin (IM) with low physical stimulus and potent mucoadhesive force to treat pain caused by oral aphtha. A mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hard fat was used as the tablet base. Ethylcellulose was added to the base in an attempt to control drug release. Tablets with PEG as a base were also prepared for comparison. Polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs) with various degrees of saponification were added to increase the mucoadhesive force. From the optical microscopic observations, formulations using PEG and hard fat exhibit PEG/hard fat dispersions caused by the stabilizing effects of PVA. Although the tablets using PEG and hard fat showed sufficient adhesiveness and sustained drug release, those using PEG as the base did not. Drug release was controlled by the amount of hard fat and the saponification degree of PVA. The drug release rate was most increased in a tablet containing PVA with an intermediate degree of saponification, PEG and hard fat. From differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction, IM was considered to exist in the molecular phase. From the results of buccal administration of tablets to rats, highest tissue concentrations were observed in the tablet containing PVA with the intermediate degree of saponification using PEG and hard fat, and the plasma concentrations were sufficiently low in comparison.

Fecal Fat Analyses in Chronic Pancreatitis Importance of Fat Ingestion before Stool Collection.

OBJECTIVE: Quantitative determination of fecal fat still is the gold standard for measuring malabsorption. We evaluated the importance of standardized food intake before and under the collection of feces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a project, evaluating patients with suspected chronic pancreatitis (CP) and healthy volunteers (HC), stools were collected for 72 hours coupled to registration of nutritional intake over five consecutive days. Patient groups were created by a modified Layer score, which includes imaging findings, clinical parameters and pancreas function testing. RESULTS: We found 12 patients with CP, 11 patients without CP and 13 healthy individuals in our database. Median fecal fat in CP patients was 12 g/day, in non-CP patients 5 g/day and in healthy controls 5 g/day. Median fat absorption coefficient was 81% in those with chronic pancreatitis, 92% in those without CP and 92% in healthy controls. Corresponding median fat intake was 65 g/day, 68 g/day and 81 g/day in the respective groups. Spearman Rank Order Correlation between fecal fat (g/d) and fat absorption coefficient in all study subjects (n = 36) was good (-0.88 (p<0.001)). When we stratified groups according to fat intake, correlation between fecal fat and fat absorption was also good (-0.86 to -0.95). CONCLUSION: In the diagnoses of fat malabsorption, calculating the ratio of fat absorption did not give additional information compared to fecal fat.